learn to hardware: November 2014

Friday, 28 November 2014

Windows XP Run Commands Shortcuts

Windows XP Run Commands Shortcuts
Run Command	Program
access.cpl	Accessibility Controls
accwiz	Accessibility Wizard
hdwwiz.cpl	Add Hardware Wizard
appwiz.cpl	Add/Remove Programs
control admintools	Administrative Tools
acrobat	Adobe Acrobat ( if installed )
acrodist	Adobe Distiller ( if installed )
imageready	Adobe ImageReady ( if installed )
photoshop	Adobe Photoshop ( if installed )
wuaucpl.cpl	Automatic Updates
mplay32	Basic Media Player
fsquirt	Bluetooth Transfer Wizard
calc	Calculator
ccleaner	Ccleaner ( if installed )
c:	C: Drive
cdrtmgr.msc	Certificate Manager
charmap	Character Map
chkdsk	Check Disk Utility
chrome	Chrome ( if installed )
clipbrd	Clipboard Viewer
cmd	Command Prompt
command	Command Prompt
dcomcnfg	Component Services
compmgmt.msc	Computer Management
comp	Compare Files
control	Control Panel
shrpubw	Create a shared folder Wizard
timedate.cpl	Date and Time Properties
ddeshare	DDE Shares
devmgmt.msc	Device Manager
directx.cpl	Direct X Control Panel ( if installed )
dxdiag	Direct X Troubleshooter
cleanmgr	Disk Cleanup Utility
dfrg.msc	Disk Defragment
diskmgmt.msc	Disk Partition Manager
control desktop	Display Properties
desk.cpl	Display Properties
control color	Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected )
drwtsn32	Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility
verifier	Driver Verifier Utility
ethereal	Ethereal ( if installed )
eventvwr.msc	Event Viewer
migwiz	Files and Settings Transfer Tool
sigverif	File Signature Verification Tool
findfast.cpl	Findfast
firefox	Firefox
control folders	Folders Properties
fonts	Fonts
fonts	Fonts Folder
freecell	Free Cell Card Game
joy.cpl	Game Controllers
gpedit.msc	Group Policy Editor ( xp pro )
mshearts	Hearts Card Game
helpctr	Help and Support
hypertrm	Hyperterminal
hotlineclient	Hotline Client
iexpress

Web Server: Apache Web server

Web Server: Apache Web server

CONTENTS

4.1 Web server

4.1.1 Apache Web server

4.1.2 Working with Web Server

4.1.3 Configuring and using apache web services

4.2 Introduction to MDA

4.3 Genesis of MDA

4.4 Meta Object Facility

4.5 UML – UML Profiles

4.6 MDA Applications.

4.7 Question Bank

4.1 WEB SERVER:

• A Web Server is a computer which is connected to the Internet and is running specialized World Wide Web Server software. A computer connected to the Internet that stores and distributes Web pages upon request.

• The "server" is actually a software program running on the computer

• More specifically, a server is a computer that manages and shares web based applications accessible anytime from any computer connected to the Internet.

• Web server machine, in Addition to the Web page files it can serve, it runs an HTTP daemon, which waits for HTTP requests and handles them when they arrive.

• Your Web browser is an HTTP client, sending requests to server machines. When the browser user enters file requests by either "opening" a Web file or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser builds an HTTP request and sends it to the Internet Protocol address (IP address) indicated by the URL.

• The HTTP daemon in the destination server machine receives the request and sends back the requested file or files associated with the request.

Figure 4.1: Web Server

Popular web servers:

• Apache (open source),

• Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) (commercial).

HTTP

Ø HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.

Ø Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. The original purpose was to provide a way to publish and receive HTML pages. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the Internet).

4.1.1 Apache Web server

• The Apache Web Server is a free, open source web server developed and maintained by the Apache Server Project. The Apache Server Project is made up of volunteer programmers as well as contributors from all over the world.

• Apache was originally developed for Unix and Linux systems however, it is now available on other platforms such as Windows and OS.

• Most Linux distributions allow you the option of including Apache in the Linux installation.

• The first version of Apache, based on the NCSA httpd Web server, was developed in 1995.

• Because it was developed from existing NCSA code plus various patches, it was called

“a patchy server” - hence the name Apache Server.

4.1.2 Working with Apache

1. Download/unpack Apache2 source from the Apache httpd server website, http://httpd.apache.org/

2. In the Apache 2 source directory, create a Makefile by typing:

3. Make Apache from the just-created Makefile: make

4. If make is successful, install Apache as root: make install.

4.1.3 Configuring and using apache web services

• Configuration is achieved by entering directives into the httpd.conf file (in the

/etc/httpd/conf directory). Apache provides a default httpd.conf file with directives, some of which are commented out.

• Depending on your requirements, you might not even need to change anything in the httpd.conf file, however there are some directives that you should customize for your site (ServerName, ServerAdmin etc).

• Here are some of the more useful directives.

Structure of httpd.conf

• DocumentRoot /var/www/html

– Specifies the root directory for your web files (index.html etc).

• ServerRoot /etc/httpd

– Specifies where your web server configuration, error, and log files are kept.

• Redirect [ status ] url-path url

– Maps an old URL into a new one. This can be useful if you move a page or directory to a new location, or if you delete a file and want to redirect users to another file.

• Two types of containers – most containers evaluated at every request.

• Some like <IfDefine> are evaluated only at startup.

• Directives are applied only for those requests that match the containers. <Directory> container. For example, directory indexes will be enabled for the directory /var/web/dir1 and all its

Subdirectories in the following:

<Directory /var/web/dir1>

Options +Indexes

</Directory>

Apache Files

• /usr/sbin – Contains Web Server program files and utilities.

• apachectl

• /usr/doc - Contains Web Server documentation

• /var/log/http - Contains the Apache log files

• Access.log

• Error.log

Test the web server.

1. /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start (starts the web server)

2. Open web browser and type http://localhost/ into the address bar

3. /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd stop (stops the web server)

Virtual hosts:

• Running more than one website on a single machine.

• Two forms: IP-based, or name-based.

• Name-based: more than one website per IP.

• IP-based: Virtual host uses IP of connection to determine correct pages to serve.

OVERVIEW OF FREE/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

OVERVIEW OF FREE/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Technical Terms

F/OSS – Free / Open Source Software

Free and open-source software (F/OSS, FOSS) or free/libre/open-source software (FLOSS) is software that is both free software and open source. It is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its code. This approach has gained both momentum and acceptance as the potential benefits] have been increasingly recognized by both individuals and corporations.

COSS – Commercial Open Source Software

The phrase Commercial open source software (COSS) is used as a synonym for Proprietary Open Source Software, which contains some elements of free and open source software. The requirements for legitimately claiming to be "open source" sometimes limit some functionality to proprietary software, which providers sell under a closed and limited license. The release of some code under closed licensing builds in a potential path back to vendor lock-in if the functionality is ever required, and so the overall software is not "free" in the original sense and so does not qualify as FOSS as a whole. Arguably the right term for these "mixed-source" applications is Proprietary Software, while the term many of the companies behind them prefer, is COSS

HP –Hewlett-Packard

Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ) or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. It provides products, technologies, software, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors.

GNU GPL – General Public License

The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is the most widely used[6] software license, which guarantees end-users the freedoms to use, study, share (copy), and modify the software. Software that ensures these freedom-rights is called free software. The license was originally written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project.

GNU LGPL – Lesser General Public License

GNU Lesser General Public License or LGPL (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The LGPL allows developers and companies to use and integrate LGPL software into their own (even proprietary) software without being required to release the source code of their own software-parts.

The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copy left license for free documentation, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU Project. It is similar to the GNU General Public License, giving readers the rights to copy, redistribute, and modify a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under the same license.

Security Mechanism

• a mechanism that is designed to detect,

prevent, or recover from a security attack

• no single mechanism that will support all

functions required

• however one particular element underlies

many of the security mechanisms in use:

cryptographic techniques

cryptography

Cryptography

•

Cryptography

(from Greek kryptós, "hidden", and
gráphein
, "to write") is, traditionally, the study of means

of converting information from its normal,

comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format,

rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the

art of
encryption.

Monday, 24 November 2014

tn post office job syllabus

Department of Posts
O/o Chief Postmaster General, Tamilnadu Circle, Chennai 600 002.

Notification No: REP/5-1/DR/14 dated 14.11.2014. Direct Recruitment of Postman / Mail Guard in Postal Divisions / RMS Divisions Applications are invited online from eligible Indian nationals, to fill up the posts of Postman/Mail Guard in Postal/Railway Mail Service Divisions in Tamilnadu Postal Circle in the pay scale of Rs. 5200-20200 (Pay Band –I) with Grade Pay Rs.2000.
2. The registration of on-line application will commence by 00:00 hours on 15/11/2014 and close by 23:59 hours on 07/12/2014.
3. The details of category-wise vacancies in Postman/Mail guard cadre is furnished division-wise under the link "VACANCIES" in the website (www.dopchennai.in). The vacancies earmarked for PH/Ex-Serviceman are included in the total vacancies notified for a particular division.
4. Candidates selected against vacancies earmarked for Physically Handicapped/Ex-serviceman will be adjusted against the total vacancies of the respective category viz., UR/SC/ST/OBC as the case may be depending upon the category to which the selected candidates belong to.
5. The vacancies notified are likely to vary/change without any prior intimation or assigning any reason. The department has the right to cancel the Recruitment Process or modify the selection process with the reasons recorded in writing at any stage. 6. Any person who claims to belong to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or Other Backward Class will have to produce a certificate to the appointing authority/Selection Committee at time of selection in support of his/her claim so as to make him/her eligible for reservation and various relaxations and concessions, vide DOPT OM No.36012/6/88-Estt(SCT) dated 24/04/1990 and OM No.36012/22/93-Estt(Res) dated 15/11/1993, OM No.36011/3/2009-Estt(Res) dated 02/09/2009 and OM No.36036/2/2013-Estt(Res) dated 30/05/2014. The Caste/Community Certificate issued by the following authorities in the prescribed form SC’s/ST’s/OBC’s will only be accepted as proof in support of the claim.
i) District Magistrate/Addl. District Magistrate/ Collector / Deputy Commissioner/ Addl. Deputy Commissioner / Deputy Collector / First Class
2 Stipendiary Magistrate / Sub Divisional Magistrate / Taluka Magistrate / Executive Magistrate/ Extra Asst. Commissioner
ii) Chief Presidency Magistrate / Addl. Chief Presidency Magistrate / Presidency Magistrate
iii) Revenue Officer not below the rank of Tehsildar and
iv) Sub Divisional Officer of the area where the candidate and or his family normally resides
A format for the same is given in Annexure I, II for SC/ST & OBC respectively.
7. Scale of Pay: Rs. 5200-20200 (Pay Band -1) with Grade Pay of Rs. 2000 8.
Promotional Avenues: Eligible for writing departmental examination for promotion to Postal Assistants/Sorting Assistants after completion of prescribed minimum service of 3 years. 9.
Age limit: 18-27 years.

Permissible relaxation of upper age limit as per Government of India orders are as indicated below:- Category

Age relaxation permissible beyond the Upper age limit. Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes (SCs/STs) 5 years Other Backward Classes (OBC) 3 years Physically Handicapped PH+ Unreserved 10 years.
PH+SC/ST 15 years.
PH+OBC 13 years Ex-servicemen 3 years after deduction of service rendered in military from the actual age as on the closing date for registration of application. Government servants
(who have rendered not less than 3 years’ regular continuous service as on closing date for registration of application) Upto 40 years of age (45 years for SC/ST and 43 for OBC).

Sunday, 9 November 2014

tamil story

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